What Words Should I Learn First When Learning a Language?

How Should You Start Learning A Language?

When you learn a language, should you be learning individual words from graded word lists, or should you be learning full sentences with words in context? I would say – both … and more.

For those of you who want to quickly get to the actual table of words - scroll down a little from here and you will see an embedded copy of it in over 50 languages / scripts.

My Cracking Thai Fundamentals programme was actually originally just a programme to help journalists, NGO workers and Government employees based in Thailand and surrounding countries hit the ground running with the local languages and cultures. It was more of how to install a language learning operating system for the mind. You can get access to it here. While installing the 'Operating System for the Mind' is critical to successful learning language, eventually you're going to need vocabulary. If you've done things correctly, every experience you have should be an opportunity to learn new vocabulary just through living life. When starting out however - the following can give you a great jump-start and work as part of your framework for learning any language. (If you haven't checked out my free resources, you can access them at jcademy.com.

I have been enjoying reading Gabriel Wyner’s book ‘Fluency Forever’. Such titles always raise a certain degree of skepticism, however as I read through the book I was happy to see that Wyner provided some very sound advice for language learners and made clear his definition of ‘fluency’:

“I would confidently describe myself as fluent in German. I’ve lived in Austria for  six years and will happily discuss anything with anyone, but I certainly needed to dance around a few missing words to get out of a €200 fine for my rental car’s broken gas cap.”

Wyner continues throughout the book to provide some very common sense ideas and tools that anyone can use to make the goal of becoming ‘fluent’ in a language much more realistic. He covers the power of the mind and mnemonics, different memory and flash card systems both digital and manual, as well as going into the mechanics of pronunciation and transcription systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) which put a smile on my face.

** Update **

*I have added several languages to the chart as well as increased the base word list.

This chart is far from comprehensive.It was originally just something done for myself, wanting to take an available resource and exploit it for my own learning benefit. Now, I am opening it up to anyone who is qualified to help correct the erroneous Google Translations for each language so that this can become a valuable resource to everyone.

Please email me at info@jcademy.com if you would like to be a contributing editor.

The complete language list now is:

1. Thai th
2. Latin lo
3. Javanese Ngoko km
4. Myanmar (Burmese) my
5. Hindi hi
6. Urdu ur
7. Punjabi pa
8. Gujarati gu
9. Tamil ta
10. Chinese (Taiwan) zh-tw
11. Cantonese Jytping zh-zhuyin
12. Mandarin zh-cn
13. Chinese (Hong Kong) zh-pinyin
14. Cantonese zh-yue
15. Cantonese Jytping zh-yue-jyt
16. Vietnamese vi
17. Vietnamese Han vi-han
18. Vietnamese Nom vi-nom
19. Japanese ja
20. Japanese ja-rom
21. Korean ko
22. Sanskrit sa
23. Greek (Ancient) el-anc
24. Greek el
25. Latin la
26. Spanish (Spain) es
27. Portuguese (Portugal) pt
28. Portuguese (Brazil) pt-br
29. Romanian ro
30. Italian (Standard) it
31. French (Standard) fr
32. Russian ru
33. Polish pl
34. Hungarian hu
35. Finnish fi
36. Indonesian id
37. Javanese Ngoko jv-ngo
38. Javanese (Krama Andhap) jv-kra
39. Javanese (Krama Andhap) jv-kin
40. Serbian su
41. Tagalog tl
42. German (Standard) de
43. Afrikaans af
44. Norwegian (Bokmål) nl
45. Danish da
46. Norwegian no
47. Swedish sv
48. Icelandic is
49. Turkish tr
50. Farsi fa
51. Arabic ar
52. Hebrew iw
53. Slovenian so
54. Welsh cy

Wyner’s ‘First 625 Words’ Word List

Before you go any further, check out this table that I have created in Google Sheets –

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1GsNe8GVzgIuOeeEVBCcoIvxVMDO5xnEgGRr8EKtcSGI/pubhtml

There is one section of the book however that I found to be a great resource and is one that I have built a little on and would like to share with you here.  Wyner has compiled a list of 625 words and provides them both in the book as well as on his website for free in both alphabetical order and in thematic groups. Wynder says that he has culled the list from two main sources – WordFrequency.info and the General Service List.

When I was young, my grandfather introduced me to the 850 words of Basic English compiled by linguist Charles Kay Ogden in 1930.  Ogden’s idea was that with these 850 words anything could be communicated in English, even if it meant having to explain around something to get to the final meaning.  The list has some valuable words and concepts in it, the words are broken down into very broad categories – operations (100 words), general words (400 words), things (200 words), qualities (100 words) qualities – opposites (50 words).

The thing that I liked about Wyner’s list is that it broke the words into relatively short lists of thematic groups that are easy to attach visual and emotional links to. The main thing for me is that the terms will be relevant, functional and in groups that are easy to tag and remember.

Wyner goes into detail in his book about how the word lists should be used – how to create memorable mnemonics, how to make flash cards both digitally and manually, how to handle languages with gender and rules of declension / conjugation, as well as how to find these words in context.

There are many words that I would still say need to be added to the list – and I’m sure over time as this will be an ongoing project, words will be added and changed etc.  This whole exercise however is an example of how to take a learning resource that’s available and exploit it to one’s own language learning advantage.

Why Learn Individual Words Out of Context?

I believe that unless you learn to speak in full phrases and use word in context, you will never develop a facility in a new language with natural sounding prosody to a native speaker of that language.  You might be able to string words together to create a specific meaning, however even though you might produce something that is grammatically correct, native speakers may be pushed out of their comfort zones trying to decipher what you mean.  That doesn’t mean however that learning word lists is completely useless.  Especially in the beginning stages, getting a foundation of ‘meaning building blocks’ as I refer to them in my book will enhance the chances of comprehensive input when receiving native speaker input whether that be through spaced repetition systems like Glossika, reading a newspaper, watching television or just listening to a conversation between two native speakers on a train.

For me other benefits of learning word lists include:

• The ability to compare sound shifts between related languages
• The ability to identify patterns – sound patterns, spelling patterns, semantic patterns etc.
• The ability to link words under a similar thematic topic to one ‘mother’ image or mnemonic
• Identify words that you might have thought meant one thing but actually meant something else
• Identify words that have multiple meanings in different contexts
• Learn a high volume of semantic building blocks in one blast

***From now on in, I am going to take you on MY journey of how I go about making the most of such lists. Come along for the ride.  We all have different goals and different backgrounds.   Hopefully some of the techniques that I use will resound with you and help you get closer to your language learning goals. ***

Using Google as a Vocabulary Learning Tool

I have taken Wyner’s list of 625 words and extended them a little to add some terms that from my experience are relevant to languages of Southeast Asia. Some of these include ‘wet season’ and ‘dry season’ rather than the standard four seasons of Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring.

I wanted to create a list of these words in languages that would be relevant to me.

It looks like over the next year, I will be doing a lot more training and facilitation in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Burma. I originally put this table together for myself as I want to really ramp up my fluency in Burmese, Khmer and Vietnamese and bring them up to par with my Thai. Learning Burmese, Khmer and Vietnamese has come quite easily to me so far mainly because of all the links between languages that I already know like Thai, Indonesian, Mandarin, Cantonese, Middle / Old Chinese, Sanskrit / Pali and other Indian languages.  I rarely find a word that doesn’t have a link with one of those languages, and when there is a real difference, the fact that it’s different works as a memory peg for that meaning.

I then figured if I had Hindi there, then I should have Urdu too… and then if I included Urdu I should include Farsi. With Farsi in there, then Arabic will be useful as it is a language that I’m extremely weak in, however I have a good foundation of Arabic roots from Farsi, Urdu and Indonesian.  Spanish also has many Arabic cognates, so I added Spanish to the mix.  I couldn’t add Spanish and leave out Italian and French. Now that I had many Latin languages covered, I figured that I should add other European languages that I speak like Danish. With Danish there I couldn’t leave out Norwegian and Swedish.  I could have kept on going but I had to draw the line somewhere. Below is a list of all the languages I have included in this spreadsheet. I have included the GOOGLE 2-letter language code for you too, as you will be able to use this to use Google Translate functions yourself either in Google Sheets, via the Command Line through their Command Line Interface (CLI) or through other Google Translate API based tools. The Google 2-Letter codes and the standard ISO 2-Letter codes sometimes differ.

I have included an explanation of why I included each language in there and what I would be looking out for with that language. Even if you aren’t learning certain languages in the list, read my remarks, as some of the connections that I make here might help you with the language that you ARE learning – and who knows … you might even be inspired to go on to learn a languages that you hadn’t previously thought about learning.

For anyone wanting to learn Vietnamese who already has a foundation in Chinese characters whether through Chinese or Japanese Kanji or Korean Hanja, learning Vietnamese with the aid of Chữ Nôm characters can really accelerate your learning.

You get to see the meaning and the approximate sound of the Vietnamese word in each character rather than trying to figure it out through a more ambiguous romanised script – chữ Quốc ngữ.

I bought a Chữ Nôm dictionary a few years back in Hanoi and at the time it was like finding the Rosetta stone for Vietnamese. I noticed that certain words in Vietnamese that had their own special Chữ Nôm character were actually cognates from old or middle Chinese that may have sounded a little ‘too’ different so were considered ‘not Chinese’ and warranted a new character. In some cases there are two words with slightly different pronunciations for the same meaning. One will be the official original ‘Chinese’ character introduced from Chinese and one will be the official ‘Vietnamese’ word with a Chữ Nôm character. If you really look at them however, you can see that they have both actually come from the same original word in Old or Middle Chinese.

Some are the other way around. They will use the same Chinese character but have a Chinese and so-called ‘Vietnamese’ pronunciation. The Vietnamese pronunciation is in many cases a version of the same original Chinese character that probably entered Vietnamese through a different time and / or place.

To give you an idea of how Chữ Nôm can help Chinese speakers learn Vietnamese, take a look at these:

• Welcome – Hoan nghênh 歡迎 (Mandarin – Huānyíng)
• ‘You’re Welcome’ – Được tiếp đãi ân cần 得接待恩勤 (Cantonese – dak1 zip3 doi6 jan1 kan4)

The different phonetic systems may make the Vietnamese and Cantonese still look quite different. Watch what happens when I turn both of these into standard International Phonetic Alphabet IPA:tɯak tiep tai an kan (Vietnamese)tak tʃip toi jan kan (Cantonese)

Through understanding a few rules about sound shifts, having a basic understanding of Chinese characters and a good imagination, creating mnemonics and memory pegs for Vietnamese becomes very easy.

As for the tones, there are also standard shifts that have occurred and patterns can be found.

How to Use the List

You will see that in my sample list that I have created using dirty, nasty, crude automated Google Translate ‘first responder’ translations via Google Sheets’
‘GOOGLETRANSLATE (“text”, “[FROM LANG CODE]”,”[TO LANG CODE]”)’
function, there are as expected, many errors. This is good.

I spend a day or so going over all the terms.  I have a foundation in all the languages in the spreadsheet, so with that I can start to identify where terms might be erroneous.  I will then go through each term and correct it either from my own knowledge, or try and find it in context on the internet, in a book or through a better dictionary – or better still, through speaking with native speakers.

After the list is refined, I will go through and try and find sentences with these words in context and I will start to create spreadsheets with these sentence pairs between English – or other related languages.  Once I do that, I will create audio files and flash cards.  I have written an article on how to do this here – “How to Build the Ultimate Vocabulary Building Tool”.

I also highly recommend using other spaced repetition systems like Glossika for getting real life language into your system to help you develop natural reactions in language and natural sounding prosody.

Would you Like to Help?

I will keep the original Google Sheet open as a continuing ‘Work In Progress’.  If you are a native speaker – or very fluent speaker of any of the languages in the list and would like to help in the refining process of the translations, please send me a message at info@stujay.com and I will give you editing access to a sheet that contains those terms and you can be part of the editing team.  I will make the list available to anyone – and I’m happy to add any other languages in upon request.

So what are you waiting for? It’s time to GET CRACKING!

Here is an embedded version of the table:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1GsNe8GVzgIuOeeEVBCcoIvxVMDO5xnEgGRr8EKtcSGI/pubhtml

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